Origins & Consequences of Social Withdrawal and Social Anxiety
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AboutThe goals of this research program were to examine the origins and consequences of inhibited and socially anxious behavior in community-based samples. Data derived from observations of toddlers, preschoolers, and elementary schoolers with peers; observations of children with their mothers; questionnaires and interviews with parents and children; and physiological assessments (vagal tone) of child participants. For further information about this project, see the link to International Projects.
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Publications (2010 - Present)
Smith, K. A. Hastings, P. D., Henderson, H., & Rubin, K. H. (2019). Multidimensional emotion regulation moderates the relation between behavioral inhibition at age 2 and social Reticence with unfamiliar peers at age 4. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1239-1251. doi: 10.1007/s10802-018-00509-y
Gazelle, H. & Rubin, K. H. (2019). Social withdrawal and anxiety in childhood and adolescence: Interaction between individual tendencies and interpersonal learning mechanisms in development. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1101-1106. doi: 10.1007/s10802-019-00557-y
Freitas, M., Santos, A. J., Ribeiro, O., Correia, J. V., & Rubin, K. H. (2019). Prosocial behavior and friendship quality moderates the association between social withdrawal and peer experiences in Portuguese young adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology (Developmental), 9 (Article 2783). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02783
Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., Smith, K. A., & Wagner, N. (2019). Parents of socially withdrawn children. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting. (3rd Edition). New York: Routledge. ISBN-13: 978-1138228788
Rubin, K. H. & Barstead, M. (2018). Social withdrawal and solitude. In M. Bornstein, Arterberry, M.E., Fingerman, K.L., & Lansford, J.E. (Eds). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development. (2101-2103). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506307633.n780
Barstead, M. G., Smith, K. A., Laursen, B. , Booth‐LaForce, C., King, S., & Rubin, K. H. (2018), Shyness, preference for solitude, and adolescent internalizing: The roles of maternal, paternal, and best‐friend support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28, 488-504. doi: 10.1111/jora.12350
Rubin, K. H., Barstead, M. G., Smith, K. A., & Bowker, J. C. (2018). Peer relations and the behaviorally inhibited child. In K. Perez-Edgar & N.A. Fox (Eds), Behavioral Inhibition during Childhood and Adolescence. Springer. ISBN: 978-3-319-98076-8
Rubin, K. H., Bowker, J. C., Barstead, M. G., & Coplan, R. J. (2018). Withdrawing from the peer group. In W. Bukowski, B. Laursen, & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups. (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford. ISBN 9781462525010
Smith, K. A., Barstead, M. G., & Rubin, K. H. (2017). Personality traits as moderators of the relation between social withdrawal and internalizing problems. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 46, 772-786. doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0594-z
Bowker, J. C., Coplan, R., & Rubin, K. H. (2016). Social withdrawal. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed). Encyclopedia of Adolescence. (pp. 1-14). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_124-2
Rubin, K. H., Barstead, M., & Smith, K. (2016). Shyness in young children. In Couchenour, D. (Ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Contemporary Early Childhood Education. (pp. 1221-1225). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9781483340357. doi: 10.4135/9781483340333.n364
Root, A., Hastings, P., & Rubin, K. H. (2016). The parenting behaviors of shy-anxious mothers: The moderating role of vagal tone. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1325-1333. doi: 10.1007/s10826-015-0296-2
Coplan, R. J., Ooi, L., Kirkpatrick, A., & Rubin, K.H (2015). Social and nonsocial play. In D.P. Fromberg & D. Bergen (Eds.), Play from Birth to Twelve: Contexts, Perspectives, and Meanings – 3rd Edition. New York: Routledge.
Ribeiro, O., Santos, A. J., Freitas, M., Correia, J. V., & Rubin, K. H. (2015). O retraimento social em adolescentes: Um estudo descritivo do seu ajustamento sócio-emocional segundo a perspectiva dos professors. (Social withdrawal in adolescents: A descriptive study of their socio-emotional adjustment from teachers’ perspectives). Temas em Psicologia, 23(2), 255-267. doi: 10.9788/TP2015.2-02
Correia, J., Santos, A. J., Freitas, M., Rosado, A., & Rubin, K. (2014) Análise fatorial confirmatória do Extended Class Play numa amostra portuguesa de jovens adolescentes. (Confirmatory factor analysis of the Extended Class Play in a Portuguese sample of young adolescents). Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 27(3), 462-471. doi: 10.1590/1678-7153.201427306
Correia, J. V., Santos, A. J., Freitas, M., Ribeiro, O., Fernandes, E., & Rubin, K. H. (2014). As relações de pares de jovens socialmente retraídos, Análise Psicológica 32, 3: 467 - 479. doi: 10.14417/ap.870\
Rubin, K. H. & Barstead, M. G. (2014). Gender differences in child and adolescent social withdrawal: A commentary. Sex Roles, 70, 274-284. doi: 10.1007/s11199-014-0357-9
Rubin, K. (2014). On solitude. In R. Coplan & J.C. Bowker (Eds.) A Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone. New York: Wiley.
Wang, J. M., Rubin, K. H., Laursen, B., Booth-LaForce, C, & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2013). Preference-for-solitude and adjustment difficulties in early vs. late adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 42, 834-842. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2013.794700
Ferreira, D., Santos, A. J., Ribeiro, O., Freitas, M., Correia, J. V., Rubin, K. H. (2013) Isolamento social e sentimento de solidão em jovens adolescentes. (Social isolation and feelings of loneliness in young adolescents.). Análise Psicológica, 31 (2): 1-12. ISSN 0870-8231
Menzer, M. M., McDonald, K., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., Booth-LaForce, C., & Schulz Begle, A. (2012). Observed gossip moderates the link between anxious withdrawal and friendship quality in early adolescence. International Journal of Developmental Science, 6, 191–202. doi: 10.3233/DEV-1211079
Lewis-Morrarty E., Degnan, K. A., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Rubin, K. H., Cheah, C. S. L., Pine, D. S., Henderson, H. A., & Fox, N. A. (2012). Early childhood behavioral inhibition and parental over-control interact to predict adolescent social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 1363-1373. doi: 10.1007/s10802-012-9663-2
Fredstrom, B., Rose-Krasnor, L., Campbell, K., Rubin, K. H., & Booth-LaForce, C. B. (2012). How socially withdrawn preadolescents think about friendship. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 451-455. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.05.005
Booth-LaForce, C., Oh, W., Kennedy, A. E., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Laursen, B. (2012). Parent and peer links to trajectories of anxious withdrawal from grades 5-8. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 138-149. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.651995
Bowker, J. C., Coplan, R., & Rubin, K. H. (2011). Social withdrawal. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed). Encyclopedia of Adolescence, (pp. 2817-2824). New York: Springer.
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R., Bowker, J. C., & Menzer, M. (2011). Social inhibition and withdrawal in childhood. In P.K. Smith & C. Hart (Eds), Handbook of Childhood Social Development (2nd Edition). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
Rubin, K. H., Kennedy Root, A. E., & Bowker, J. C. (2010). Parents, peers and social withdrawal in childhood: A relationship perspective. In H. Gazelle & K. H. Rubin (Eds). Social Anxiety in Childhood: Bridging Developmental and Clinical Perspectives. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development. Vol. 227. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Bayer, J. K., Hastings, P. D., Sanson, A. V., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Predicting mid childhood internalising difficulties: A longitudinal community study. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 12, 5-17.
Kennedy Root, A. E. & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Gender and parents’ emotion socialization beliefs during the preschool years. In A. E. Kennedy Root & S. Denham (Eds.), Focus on Gender: Contributions to the Socialization of Emotional Competence. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Hastings, P. D., Nuselovici, J. N., Rubin, K. H., & Cheah, C. S. L. (2010). Shyness, parenting, and parent-child relationships. In K. H. Rubin & R.J. Coplan (Eds). The Development of Shyness and Social Withdrawal in Childhood and Adolescence. New York: Guilford.
Coplan, R. J. & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Social withdrawal and shyness in childhood: History, theories, definitions and assessment. In K. H. Rubin & R.J. Coplan (Eds). The Development of Shyness and Social Withdrawal in Childhood and Adolescence. New York: Guilford.
Rubin, K. H., Bowker, J. C., & Gazelle, H. (2010). Social withdrawal in childhood and adolescence: Peer relationships and social competence. In K. H. Rubin & R.J. Coplan (Eds), The Development of Shyness and Social Withdrawal in Childhood and Adolescence. (pp. 131-154). New York: Guilford.
Gazelle, H. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.). (2010). Social Anxiety in Childhood: Bridging Developmental and Clinical Perspectives. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, Vol. 127. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Rubin, K. H. & Coplan, R. J. (Eds.). (2010). The Development of Shyness and Social Withdrawal. New York: Guilford.
Rubin, K. H. & Coplan, R. J. (2013).子どもの社会的ひきこもりとシャイネスの発達心理学 [The development of shyness and social withdrawal]. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten.
Smith, K. A. Hastings, P. D., Henderson, H., & Rubin, K. H. (2019). Multidimensional emotion regulation moderates the relation between behavioral inhibition at age 2 and social Reticence with unfamiliar peers at age 4. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1239-1251. doi: 10.1007/s10802-018-00509-y
Gazelle, H. & Rubin, K. H. (2019). Social withdrawal and anxiety in childhood and adolescence: Interaction between individual tendencies and interpersonal learning mechanisms in development. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1101-1106. doi: 10.1007/s10802-019-00557-y
Freitas, M., Santos, A. J., Ribeiro, O., Correia, J. V., & Rubin, K. H. (2019). Prosocial behavior and friendship quality moderates the association between social withdrawal and peer experiences in Portuguese young adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology (Developmental), 9 (Article 2783). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02783
Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., Smith, K. A., & Wagner, N. (2019). Parents of socially withdrawn children. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting. (3rd Edition). New York: Routledge. ISBN-13: 978-1138228788
Rubin, K. H. & Barstead, M. (2018). Social withdrawal and solitude. In M. Bornstein, Arterberry, M.E., Fingerman, K.L., & Lansford, J.E. (Eds). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development. (2101-2103). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506307633.n780
Barstead, M. G., Smith, K. A., Laursen, B. , Booth‐LaForce, C., King, S., & Rubin, K. H. (2018), Shyness, preference for solitude, and adolescent internalizing: The roles of maternal, paternal, and best‐friend support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28, 488-504. doi: 10.1111/jora.12350
Rubin, K. H., Barstead, M. G., Smith, K. A., & Bowker, J. C. (2018). Peer relations and the behaviorally inhibited child. In K. Perez-Edgar & N.A. Fox (Eds), Behavioral Inhibition during Childhood and Adolescence. Springer. ISBN: 978-3-319-98076-8
Rubin, K. H., Bowker, J. C., Barstead, M. G., & Coplan, R. J. (2018). Withdrawing from the peer group. In W. Bukowski, B. Laursen, & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups. (2nd Edition). New York: Guilford. ISBN 9781462525010
Smith, K. A., Barstead, M. G., & Rubin, K. H. (2017). Personality traits as moderators of the relation between social withdrawal and internalizing problems. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 46, 772-786. doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0594-z
Bowker, J. C., Coplan, R., & Rubin, K. H. (2016). Social withdrawal. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed). Encyclopedia of Adolescence. (pp. 1-14). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_124-2
Rubin, K. H., Barstead, M., & Smith, K. (2016). Shyness in young children. In Couchenour, D. (Ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Contemporary Early Childhood Education. (pp. 1221-1225). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9781483340357. doi: 10.4135/9781483340333.n364
Root, A., Hastings, P., & Rubin, K. H. (2016). The parenting behaviors of shy-anxious mothers: The moderating role of vagal tone. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1325-1333. doi: 10.1007/s10826-015-0296-2
Coplan, R. J., Ooi, L., Kirkpatrick, A., & Rubin, K.H (2015). Social and nonsocial play. In D.P. Fromberg & D. Bergen (Eds.), Play from Birth to Twelve: Contexts, Perspectives, and Meanings – 3rd Edition. New York: Routledge.
Ribeiro, O., Santos, A. J., Freitas, M., Correia, J. V., & Rubin, K. H. (2015). O retraimento social em adolescentes: Um estudo descritivo do seu ajustamento sócio-emocional segundo a perspectiva dos professors. (Social withdrawal in adolescents: A descriptive study of their socio-emotional adjustment from teachers’ perspectives). Temas em Psicologia, 23(2), 255-267. doi: 10.9788/TP2015.2-02
Correia, J., Santos, A. J., Freitas, M., Rosado, A., & Rubin, K. (2014) Análise fatorial confirmatória do Extended Class Play numa amostra portuguesa de jovens adolescentes. (Confirmatory factor analysis of the Extended Class Play in a Portuguese sample of young adolescents). Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 27(3), 462-471. doi: 10.1590/1678-7153.201427306
Correia, J. V., Santos, A. J., Freitas, M., Ribeiro, O., Fernandes, E., & Rubin, K. H. (2014). As relações de pares de jovens socialmente retraídos, Análise Psicológica 32, 3: 467 - 479. doi: 10.14417/ap.870\
Rubin, K. H. & Barstead, M. G. (2014). Gender differences in child and adolescent social withdrawal: A commentary. Sex Roles, 70, 274-284. doi: 10.1007/s11199-014-0357-9
Rubin, K. (2014). On solitude. In R. Coplan & J.C. Bowker (Eds.) A Handbook of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone. New York: Wiley.
Wang, J. M., Rubin, K. H., Laursen, B., Booth-LaForce, C, & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2013). Preference-for-solitude and adjustment difficulties in early vs. late adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 42, 834-842. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2013.794700
Ferreira, D., Santos, A. J., Ribeiro, O., Freitas, M., Correia, J. V., Rubin, K. H. (2013) Isolamento social e sentimento de solidão em jovens adolescentes. (Social isolation and feelings of loneliness in young adolescents.). Análise Psicológica, 31 (2): 1-12. ISSN 0870-8231
Menzer, M. M., McDonald, K., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., Booth-LaForce, C., & Schulz Begle, A. (2012). Observed gossip moderates the link between anxious withdrawal and friendship quality in early adolescence. International Journal of Developmental Science, 6, 191–202. doi: 10.3233/DEV-1211079
Lewis-Morrarty E., Degnan, K. A., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Rubin, K. H., Cheah, C. S. L., Pine, D. S., Henderson, H. A., & Fox, N. A. (2012). Early childhood behavioral inhibition and parental over-control interact to predict adolescent social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 1363-1373. doi: 10.1007/s10802-012-9663-2
Fredstrom, B., Rose-Krasnor, L., Campbell, K., Rubin, K. H., & Booth-LaForce, C. B. (2012). How socially withdrawn preadolescents think about friendship. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 451-455. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.05.005
Booth-LaForce, C., Oh, W., Kennedy, A. E., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Laursen, B. (2012). Parent and peer links to trajectories of anxious withdrawal from grades 5-8. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 138-149. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.651995
Bowker, J. C., Coplan, R., & Rubin, K. H. (2011). Social withdrawal. In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed). Encyclopedia of Adolescence, (pp. 2817-2824). New York: Springer.
Rubin, K. H., Coplan, R., Bowker, J. C., & Menzer, M. (2011). Social inhibition and withdrawal in childhood. In P.K. Smith & C. Hart (Eds), Handbook of Childhood Social Development (2nd Edition). New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
Rubin, K. H., Kennedy Root, A. E., & Bowker, J. C. (2010). Parents, peers and social withdrawal in childhood: A relationship perspective. In H. Gazelle & K. H. Rubin (Eds). Social Anxiety in Childhood: Bridging Developmental and Clinical Perspectives. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development. Vol. 227. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Bayer, J. K., Hastings, P. D., Sanson, A. V., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Predicting mid childhood internalising difficulties: A longitudinal community study. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 12, 5-17.
Kennedy Root, A. E. & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Gender and parents’ emotion socialization beliefs during the preschool years. In A. E. Kennedy Root & S. Denham (Eds.), Focus on Gender: Contributions to the Socialization of Emotional Competence. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Hastings, P. D., Nuselovici, J. N., Rubin, K. H., & Cheah, C. S. L. (2010). Shyness, parenting, and parent-child relationships. In K. H. Rubin & R.J. Coplan (Eds). The Development of Shyness and Social Withdrawal in Childhood and Adolescence. New York: Guilford.
Coplan, R. J. & Rubin, K. H. (2010). Social withdrawal and shyness in childhood: History, theories, definitions and assessment. In K. H. Rubin & R.J. Coplan (Eds). The Development of Shyness and Social Withdrawal in Childhood and Adolescence. New York: Guilford.
Rubin, K. H., Bowker, J. C., & Gazelle, H. (2010). Social withdrawal in childhood and adolescence: Peer relationships and social competence. In K. H. Rubin & R.J. Coplan (Eds), The Development of Shyness and Social Withdrawal in Childhood and Adolescence. (pp. 131-154). New York: Guilford.
Gazelle, H. & Rubin, K. H. (Eds.). (2010). Social Anxiety in Childhood: Bridging Developmental and Clinical Perspectives. New Directions in Child and Adolescent Development, Vol. 127. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Rubin, K. H. & Coplan, R. J. (Eds.). (2010). The Development of Shyness and Social Withdrawal. New York: Guilford.
Rubin, K. H. & Coplan, R. J. (2013).子どもの社会的ひきこもりとシャイネスの発達心理学 [The development of shyness and social withdrawal]. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten.